Los Origenes de la Esclavitud
|
Si aprendemos lo que es la cultura Africana y las influencias africanas en Puerto Rico es importante que hablemos sobre la historia de la esclavitud. La esclavitud es la razón principal hay una influencia negra en Puerto Rica hoy en día.
Que es esclavitud:
Según al “free Dictionary” esclavitud tiene dos definiciones la primera es “Situación y condición social en la que se encuentra una persona que carece de libertad y derechos por estar sometida de manera absoluta a la voluntad y el dominio de otra.” La segunda definición que hallamos es “Régimen social y económico basado en el uso de esclavos como mano de obra”. ? Cual definición es más competa y correcta para nuestro tema? Para este proyecto la dos son correctas y vamos a ver por qué:
Porque los Africanos
Es importante entender que todos los grupos étnicos tenían una pasado de esclavitud en un punto en historia. Lydia Milagros Gonzales García cree que había tres razones importante que los africanos eran escogidos para ser esclavizada.
Que es esclavitud:
Según al “free Dictionary” esclavitud tiene dos definiciones la primera es “Situación y condición social en la que se encuentra una persona que carece de libertad y derechos por estar sometida de manera absoluta a la voluntad y el dominio de otra.” La segunda definición que hallamos es “Régimen social y económico basado en el uso de esclavos como mano de obra”. ? Cual definición es más competa y correcta para nuestro tema? Para este proyecto la dos son correctas y vamos a ver por qué:
Porque los Africanos
Es importante entender que todos los grupos étnicos tenían una pasado de esclavitud en un punto en historia. Lydia Milagros Gonzales García cree que había tres razones importante que los africanos eran escogidos para ser esclavizada.
- El acceso a grandes contingentes de
seres humanos en condiciones vulnerable.
- La organización de un mercado para
venderlos
- La enorme necesidad de mano de obra
en tierras americanas.
Se fueron de Afrcia y llegaron en Puerto Rico
The African slaves that were brought to Puerto Rico were from three principle groups of people. Africa as a continent is hugely diverse and therefore the people who were brought to the Americas as slaves were a combination of different cultures including a variety of languages, foods, religious believes, governments, and colors.
The three groups of people who were brought to the Americas to work include los Negros Ladinos, Los Negros Bozales, and El grupos de Africa Bant. Centuries of influences from the Spanish and native Tinos on the island of Puerto Rico (and the rest of the Caribbean) has not only combined the Spanish, Tinos, and African culture onto the social fabric of Puerto Rico but the people of Puerto Rico also share a culture from a combination of several difference African cultures.
Los Negros Ladinos:
Theses people were people who were born or grew up in Spain or Portugal. We must remember that Africans have always had a relationship with Europe. Spain especially has had a relationship with African due to its close proximity. Ladinos were the first Black to be brought to the colonies. Ladinos were mostly from the Castilla region of Spain as well as Sevilla. The adjustment period was easier for Ladinos because they had already been Christianized and accustomed to Spanish culture and customs. Ladinos were also called libertos because they were also the first Africans that were freed during the story of slavery. The flowing is a list of the different African cultures that not only were brought to Puerto Rico but into the rest of the Americas by the Spanish.
Los Negros Bozales:
These Africans were from small areas and tribes from the Sudan Occidental. Theses Africans were the first group of Africans that were brought into Africa in large numbers to work as slaves. The Bozales were from five distinct tribes in Africa. The tribes included:
Jelofes: Lived on the sides of the Senegal River. They were Islamic and considered to be rebels and dangerous.
Mangdinga: Lived in the territory between Senegal and Gambia. They were Islamic.
Fula: Lived around the Senegal region and the Gambia region. They were Islamic. They were distinct from the other Africans because they had white skin and a few Caucasian facial features.
Biafadas: They were from the south of the Senegal-Gambia region and arrived in Puerto Rico in the 16th century. They were considered by Europeans to be one of the most important and useful groups of Africans in the Antilles
Canga: This group of Africans who were brought to Puerto Rico as slaves were from Sierra Lenoe. They arrived in Puerto Rico in the 18 and 19 century.
Farti: They worked in mining. They lived on the Gold coast of African during the 16th and 17th century. They were mainly acquired through contraband from the English and the Dutch. They were known to commit suicide. They believed that if they committed suicide they would be reincarnated to their homeland.
Yorubas: They lived in Nigeria. They are the source of the large yourba festival in Lozia an Afro-Puerto Rican town in Puerto Rico.
Los Bants:
The Bants were known to be good at agriculture. The Bants had a large and well developed system of agriculture in their African homeland. They also had a well-developed political system. Their political system along with their amazing agriculture system is the reason why their society was very organized and cooperative. They were also known for being gold miners, this is most likely they reason why the Spanish considered them so useful. They were also polygamist. From the Bant Africans there are two groups that were brought to Puerto Rico.
Angolos: They were from Angola. They were introduced to Puerto Rico from the Portuguese during the 19th century. From the Angolos we have Puerto Rican words such as Candungo, Funche, and Motete.
Mozambique: They were from the west part of Africa. They were brought to Puerto Rico by the Portuguese. They were known as Zambos or Mozambos. From this group we get the words Monga and cachimbo.
Torres, R. A., Norat , Y. V., Cruz, l., Rivera, J. C., & Gonzalez Garcia , L. M. (2008). Tras las huellas Del hombre y La Mujer Negros en La Historia de Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico : Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc .
The three groups of people who were brought to the Americas to work include los Negros Ladinos, Los Negros Bozales, and El grupos de Africa Bant. Centuries of influences from the Spanish and native Tinos on the island of Puerto Rico (and the rest of the Caribbean) has not only combined the Spanish, Tinos, and African culture onto the social fabric of Puerto Rico but the people of Puerto Rico also share a culture from a combination of several difference African cultures.
Los Negros Ladinos:
Theses people were people who were born or grew up in Spain or Portugal. We must remember that Africans have always had a relationship with Europe. Spain especially has had a relationship with African due to its close proximity. Ladinos were the first Black to be brought to the colonies. Ladinos were mostly from the Castilla region of Spain as well as Sevilla. The adjustment period was easier for Ladinos because they had already been Christianized and accustomed to Spanish culture and customs. Ladinos were also called libertos because they were also the first Africans that were freed during the story of slavery. The flowing is a list of the different African cultures that not only were brought to Puerto Rico but into the rest of the Americas by the Spanish.
Los Negros Bozales:
These Africans were from small areas and tribes from the Sudan Occidental. Theses Africans were the first group of Africans that were brought into Africa in large numbers to work as slaves. The Bozales were from five distinct tribes in Africa. The tribes included:
Jelofes: Lived on the sides of the Senegal River. They were Islamic and considered to be rebels and dangerous.
Mangdinga: Lived in the territory between Senegal and Gambia. They were Islamic.
Fula: Lived around the Senegal region and the Gambia region. They were Islamic. They were distinct from the other Africans because they had white skin and a few Caucasian facial features.
Biafadas: They were from the south of the Senegal-Gambia region and arrived in Puerto Rico in the 16th century. They were considered by Europeans to be one of the most important and useful groups of Africans in the Antilles
Canga: This group of Africans who were brought to Puerto Rico as slaves were from Sierra Lenoe. They arrived in Puerto Rico in the 18 and 19 century.
Farti: They worked in mining. They lived on the Gold coast of African during the 16th and 17th century. They were mainly acquired through contraband from the English and the Dutch. They were known to commit suicide. They believed that if they committed suicide they would be reincarnated to their homeland.
Yorubas: They lived in Nigeria. They are the source of the large yourba festival in Lozia an Afro-Puerto Rican town in Puerto Rico.
Los Bants:
The Bants were known to be good at agriculture. The Bants had a large and well developed system of agriculture in their African homeland. They also had a well-developed political system. Their political system along with their amazing agriculture system is the reason why their society was very organized and cooperative. They were also known for being gold miners, this is most likely they reason why the Spanish considered them so useful. They were also polygamist. From the Bant Africans there are two groups that were brought to Puerto Rico.
Angolos: They were from Angola. They were introduced to Puerto Rico from the Portuguese during the 19th century. From the Angolos we have Puerto Rican words such as Candungo, Funche, and Motete.
Mozambique: They were from the west part of Africa. They were brought to Puerto Rico by the Portuguese. They were known as Zambos or Mozambos. From this group we get the words Monga and cachimbo.
Torres, R. A., Norat , Y. V., Cruz, l., Rivera, J. C., & Gonzalez Garcia , L. M. (2008). Tras las huellas Del hombre y La Mujer Negros en La Historia de Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico : Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc .
Life
Diet:
The diet of Puerto Rican slaves consisted of plates based on plantains. Plantains where first introduce to the island by the slaves who brought them over on slave ships that were embarking to the Americas. According to historian Luis M. Diaz Soler, the slaves were given 7 or 8 plantains to survive on. Slaves were also allowed to trade plantains for other foods such as names, batatas, and other tubrtculos. For protein, slaves were given 7 ounces of salted fish or meat accompanied by 4 ounces of rice or beans. For breakfast the salves were given hot Guarapo with ginger. Most of these foods are still present in Puerto Rican cuisine and are considered stables of everyday meals especially dishes involving plantains.
Housing:
Slaves lived in homes that were specifically constructed for them by their owners. The homes were made from palm trees which worked to repel the water from the rain which is an everyday occurrence in tropical areas. The Spanish constructed the slave quarter from the design that the native Tainos used for their homes.
Slaves who were married were allowed to slay in single rooms, though the majority of slaves lived in BARRACONES O CUARTELES. The rooms were separated according to sex. For their health the slaves lived in places that were dry and well ventilated. This is most likely due to the fact that if sickness spread, labor days would be lost. During the night the slaves were locked into their homes with a light that shined allowing them to see. Outside of the building was a guard whose job was to be watchman making sure no one tried to seal any slaves as well as making sure slaves did not try to escape.
Clothing:
The clothing of the slaves was very simple. Slaves were given only four outfits a year. All the outfits were made for everyone, regardless of the age of the slave. The clothing consisted of a pair of pants, one shirt, and a pair of pants. Slaves were given two outfits and after eight months they were given two more.
Breve Historia de la Esclavitud . (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Proyecto Solon Hogar : http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Esclavitud/esclavitud.htm
The diet of Puerto Rican slaves consisted of plates based on plantains. Plantains where first introduce to the island by the slaves who brought them over on slave ships that were embarking to the Americas. According to historian Luis M. Diaz Soler, the slaves were given 7 or 8 plantains to survive on. Slaves were also allowed to trade plantains for other foods such as names, batatas, and other tubrtculos. For protein, slaves were given 7 ounces of salted fish or meat accompanied by 4 ounces of rice or beans. For breakfast the salves were given hot Guarapo with ginger. Most of these foods are still present in Puerto Rican cuisine and are considered stables of everyday meals especially dishes involving plantains.
Housing:
Slaves lived in homes that were specifically constructed for them by their owners. The homes were made from palm trees which worked to repel the water from the rain which is an everyday occurrence in tropical areas. The Spanish constructed the slave quarter from the design that the native Tainos used for their homes.
Slaves who were married were allowed to slay in single rooms, though the majority of slaves lived in BARRACONES O CUARTELES. The rooms were separated according to sex. For their health the slaves lived in places that were dry and well ventilated. This is most likely due to the fact that if sickness spread, labor days would be lost. During the night the slaves were locked into their homes with a light that shined allowing them to see. Outside of the building was a guard whose job was to be watchman making sure no one tried to seal any slaves as well as making sure slaves did not try to escape.
Clothing:
The clothing of the slaves was very simple. Slaves were given only four outfits a year. All the outfits were made for everyone, regardless of the age of the slave. The clothing consisted of a pair of pants, one shirt, and a pair of pants. Slaves were given two outfits and after eight months they were given two more.
Breve Historia de la Esclavitud . (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Proyecto Solon Hogar : http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Esclavitud/esclavitud.htm
Se venden esclavos
Just like in the United States of America, slaves were sold as property in the cities and ports of Puerto Rico. Slaves were considered not to be humans but to be property, property available for sale and resale at the wish of their masters. The sale of slaves and their labor was a common practice that was advertised in bulletins and newspapers in Puerto Rico. Researcher Gilberto Aponte found unedited publications in "El Boletin Instructivo y Mercantil de Puerto Rico" between the years of 1839-1872. These newspaper publications truly show the dehumanizing word of slavery in its true form. As hard as it to believe living in the 21st century, people were actually put up for sale and it was completely legal.
"Se vende una negrita de diez años buena para el servico de una casa la persona que se interese en su compra concurrira a esta impernta donde impondra." 1841
"Se vende una negra cocinera y que sabe todos los oficios de una casa principios de lavado, es bozal y es de 19 años, sin tacha alguna, en esta imprenta daran razon." 1842.
"Se vende un negro de edad 24 a 25 años bastante robusto , su oficio, chocolatero, si alguno se interese a la podrá concurrir a esta impresta de le informaran."
"Se venden diez esclavos de campo, siete hombres y tres mujeres, el que quisiera enterarse en su compra, ocurra a esta imprenta donde impondran quien es su dueño,"
Torres, R. A., Norat , Y. V., Cruz, l., Rivera, J. C., & Gonzalez Garcia , L. M. (2008). Tras las huellas Del hombre y La Mujer Negros en La Historia de Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico : Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc . pg 358-359
"Se vende una negrita de diez años buena para el servico de una casa la persona que se interese en su compra concurrira a esta impernta donde impondra." 1841
"Se vende una negra cocinera y que sabe todos los oficios de una casa principios de lavado, es bozal y es de 19 años, sin tacha alguna, en esta imprenta daran razon." 1842.
"Se vende un negro de edad 24 a 25 años bastante robusto , su oficio, chocolatero, si alguno se interese a la podrá concurrir a esta impresta de le informaran."
"Se venden diez esclavos de campo, siete hombres y tres mujeres, el que quisiera enterarse en su compra, ocurra a esta imprenta donde impondran quien es su dueño,"
Torres, R. A., Norat , Y. V., Cruz, l., Rivera, J. C., & Gonzalez Garcia , L. M. (2008). Tras las huellas Del hombre y La Mujer Negros en La Historia de Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico : Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc . pg 358-359
Typos
In Puerto Rican slave
society there were three main types of slaves: Domestic slaves, Field slaves,
and Labor slaves. The differences between the three are vast and were based on different
types of labor requirements. You should think of the types of slaves that
existed in Puerto Rico as job requirements.
Domestic slaves
Domestic slaves were required to do all types of labor and chores dealing with the house. Domestic slaves cooked, cleaned, and took care of the children. It should be noted that domestic slaves were both men and women. While women tended to preform household chores, men had the responsibility of working in the garden, taking care of the family’s animals, and being the messenger when needed. Because the domestic slaves worked at a close proximity with their masters, they tended to have a better living situation than the other slaves. The close relationship between the slaves and their masters allowed for domestic slaves to have a better diet, clothing, and living arrangements.
It was not uncommon to have a domestic slave who was literate. At times slaves who had a "positive" relationship with their masters were granted freedom. In opposite situations, domestic slaves could have had a terrible life with no hopes of future liberation. At times maters could be cruel and abusive and because of their close working proximity there was no shield or protections from their master’s abusiveness. It was also common practice for owners to sell their slaves to others in order to settle their debts.
Field slaves
As the name implies, field slaves were slaves that worked in the fields of Puerto Rico. These slaves spent more than ten hours a day working in the sugar fields and cultivating the land of their masters. Field slaves’ responsibilities included caring after animals, and growing and cultivating sugar cane. Most of the major economic golden ages in Puerto Rico were due to great sugar production. The sugar produced in the Caribbean supplied most of Europe’s needs.
Labor Slaves
Labor slaves differ from the rest of the slave population in Puerto Rico because they were rented to other people by their master to preform laborious task throughout Puerto Rico. In simple terms the slave worked and the master collected their earnings. Labor slaves had the job of constructing buildings, working on boat docks, churches, and forts like El Morro. Female labor slaves sold fruits and other good in the streets and plazas of San Juan. Whatever earnings they may have made, they were collected by their masters at end of the day for their own pockets.
Torres, R. A., Norat , Y. V., Cruz, l., Rivera, J. C., & Gonzalez Garcia , L. M. (2008). Tras las huellas Del hombre y La Mujer Negros en La Historia de Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico : Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc .
Domestic slaves
Domestic slaves were required to do all types of labor and chores dealing with the house. Domestic slaves cooked, cleaned, and took care of the children. It should be noted that domestic slaves were both men and women. While women tended to preform household chores, men had the responsibility of working in the garden, taking care of the family’s animals, and being the messenger when needed. Because the domestic slaves worked at a close proximity with their masters, they tended to have a better living situation than the other slaves. The close relationship between the slaves and their masters allowed for domestic slaves to have a better diet, clothing, and living arrangements.
It was not uncommon to have a domestic slave who was literate. At times slaves who had a "positive" relationship with their masters were granted freedom. In opposite situations, domestic slaves could have had a terrible life with no hopes of future liberation. At times maters could be cruel and abusive and because of their close working proximity there was no shield or protections from their master’s abusiveness. It was also common practice for owners to sell their slaves to others in order to settle their debts.
Field slaves
As the name implies, field slaves were slaves that worked in the fields of Puerto Rico. These slaves spent more than ten hours a day working in the sugar fields and cultivating the land of their masters. Field slaves’ responsibilities included caring after animals, and growing and cultivating sugar cane. Most of the major economic golden ages in Puerto Rico were due to great sugar production. The sugar produced in the Caribbean supplied most of Europe’s needs.
Labor Slaves
Labor slaves differ from the rest of the slave population in Puerto Rico because they were rented to other people by their master to preform laborious task throughout Puerto Rico. In simple terms the slave worked and the master collected their earnings. Labor slaves had the job of constructing buildings, working on boat docks, churches, and forts like El Morro. Female labor slaves sold fruits and other good in the streets and plazas of San Juan. Whatever earnings they may have made, they were collected by their masters at end of the day for their own pockets.
Torres, R. A., Norat , Y. V., Cruz, l., Rivera, J. C., & Gonzalez Garcia , L. M. (2008). Tras las huellas Del hombre y La Mujer Negros en La Historia de Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico : Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc .
La Abolicion
As one could imagine the road to the abolition of
slavery was a long one. As expected, the abolition of slavery did not just
happen one day, but with minor changes in the law of Puerto Rico that allowed a
gradual change of political attitude with political leaders of Puerto Rico.
As with most historical political changes the abolition of slavery began with the bloody fight of the Grito of Lares. The Grito of Lares was similar to the other "Gritos" in Latin America in which the people living in Spain’s colonies were unhappy by how they were treated. The revolutionary fight of the Grito of Lares for the freedom of Puerto Rico was unsuccessful in granting Puerto Rico its liberty, however it did make the Spanish government to pay more attention to the needs and wants of the People of Puerto Rico. At the time, Spain’s holds on its American colonies were weakening. Because of Spain’s fading power, the abolitionists were able to create and push for gradual changes that allowed for the complete abolition of slavery on the island…but of course, with time.
In 1870 the Moret Law gave freedom to all slaves that were 60 years or older. The Moret Law also gave freedom to all slaves that were born after September 17, 1870. Three years later on March 22, 1873 the Abolition of black slavery act in Puerto Rico was passed. This law granted the freedom of all slaves on the island but under some conditions. The conditions were as follows:
In the year 1876 all slaves on the island of Puerto Rico were officially granted freedom. With the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico a total of 29,335 people were considered to be new free citizens of Puerto Rico. These 29,335 former slaves counted for about 5 percent of the total population of Puerto Rico.
Historians Arturo Morales Carrion and Luis M Diaz Soler believe that the abolition of Slavery was due to the liberal ideals of the Puerto Rican landowning class mixed with the anti-slavery movements growing in Spain.
In his book Esclavos profugos y cimarrones, Puerto Rico, (1770-1870) historian Benjamin Nistal-Moret argues that the slaves themselves won their freedom. Nistal-Moret suggests that though constant complaints and demands and temporary running away, salves on their own were able to weaken the slave system that existed in Puerto Rico. Regardless of how freedom was granted, it was achieved. Just like in the United States of America, we must not forget that although freedom was granted for Blacks in Puerto Rico, the racism that was born from slavery was another monster that is still being fought today in not only Puerto Rico but in the rest of the Americas.
Abolition of Slavery in Puerto Rico. (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Libarary of Congress: http://loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/slaves.html
Esclavos profugos y cimarrones, Puerto Rico, (1770-1870)
As with most historical political changes the abolition of slavery began with the bloody fight of the Grito of Lares. The Grito of Lares was similar to the other "Gritos" in Latin America in which the people living in Spain’s colonies were unhappy by how they were treated. The revolutionary fight of the Grito of Lares for the freedom of Puerto Rico was unsuccessful in granting Puerto Rico its liberty, however it did make the Spanish government to pay more attention to the needs and wants of the People of Puerto Rico. At the time, Spain’s holds on its American colonies were weakening. Because of Spain’s fading power, the abolitionists were able to create and push for gradual changes that allowed for the complete abolition of slavery on the island…but of course, with time.
In 1870 the Moret Law gave freedom to all slaves that were 60 years or older. The Moret Law also gave freedom to all slaves that were born after September 17, 1870. Three years later on March 22, 1873 the Abolition of black slavery act in Puerto Rico was passed. This law granted the freedom of all slaves on the island but under some conditions. The conditions were as follows:
- Current slaves would have the work for three more years under their old masters or with another master.
- Young slaves would have to continue working until they turned 14 for girls and 17 for males.
- Former slaves would not have any political rights until after 5 years of their freedom.
In the year 1876 all slaves on the island of Puerto Rico were officially granted freedom. With the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico a total of 29,335 people were considered to be new free citizens of Puerto Rico. These 29,335 former slaves counted for about 5 percent of the total population of Puerto Rico.
Historians Arturo Morales Carrion and Luis M Diaz Soler believe that the abolition of Slavery was due to the liberal ideals of the Puerto Rican landowning class mixed with the anti-slavery movements growing in Spain.
In his book Esclavos profugos y cimarrones, Puerto Rico, (1770-1870) historian Benjamin Nistal-Moret argues that the slaves themselves won their freedom. Nistal-Moret suggests that though constant complaints and demands and temporary running away, salves on their own were able to weaken the slave system that existed in Puerto Rico. Regardless of how freedom was granted, it was achieved. Just like in the United States of America, we must not forget that although freedom was granted for Blacks in Puerto Rico, the racism that was born from slavery was another monster that is still being fought today in not only Puerto Rico but in the rest of the Americas.
Abolition of Slavery in Puerto Rico. (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Libarary of Congress: http://loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/slaves.html
Esclavos profugos y cimarrones, Puerto Rico, (1770-1870)
Fuentes por la pagina:
Abolition of Slavery in Puerto Rico. (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Libarary of Congress: http://loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/slaves.htm
Acosta, D. I. (n.d.). Abolicion de la esclavitud (1873). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico: Funcacion Puertorriquna de la Humanidades : http://www.enciclopediapr.org/esp/article.cfm?ref=06102001&page=2
Breve Historia de la Esclavitud . (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Proyecto Solon Hogar : http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Esclavitud/esclavitud.htm
Soler, L. M. (1981). Historia de la esclavitud negra en Puerto Rico . San Juan : Universidad de Puerto Rico 1953.Torres, R. A., Norat , Y. V., Cruz, l., Rivera, J. C., & Gonzalez Garcia , L. M. (2008). Tras las huellas Del hombre y La Mujer Negros en La Historia de Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico : Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc .
Abolition of Slavery in Puerto Rico. (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Libarary of Congress: http://loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/slaves.htm
Acosta, D. I. (n.d.). Abolicion de la esclavitud (1873). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico: Funcacion Puertorriquna de la Humanidades : http://www.enciclopediapr.org/esp/article.cfm?ref=06102001&page=2
Breve Historia de la Esclavitud . (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from Proyecto Solon Hogar : http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Esclavitud/esclavitud.htm
Soler, L. M. (1981). Historia de la esclavitud negra en Puerto Rico . San Juan : Universidad de Puerto Rico 1953.Torres, R. A., Norat , Y. V., Cruz, l., Rivera, J. C., & Gonzalez Garcia , L. M. (2008). Tras las huellas Del hombre y La Mujer Negros en La Historia de Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico : Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc .